Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society

Most academic work is published in the academic journal article, book or theory frame. Associate survey quality and selectivity guidelines shift incredibly from journal to journal, distributor to distributor, and field to field. Most set up scholastic orders have their particular journals and different outlets for production, albeit numerous academic journals are relatively interdisciplinary, and distribute work from a few unmistakable fields or sub-fields. Background The Journal des Scavans, built up by Denis de Sallo, was the most punctual academic journal published in Europe. The quantity of debate dropped to 72% in the eighteenth century, 59% by the last 50% of the nineteenth century, and 33% by the first half of the twentieth century. The decrease in challenged claims for the need to inquire about disclosures can be credited to the expanding acknowledgement of the production of papers in present-day scholastic journals, with gauges proposing that around 50 million journal articles have been published since the original appearance of the Philosophical Transactions. Current Scenario Presently, a vital pattern, especially as for journals in the sciences, is open access using the Internet. Open Access In open access publishing, a journal article is made accessible free for all on the web by the distributor at the season of production. Around Business Even though there are more than 2,000 publishers, starting in 2013, five revenue driven organizations represented half of the articles published ensuring best academic writing services and essay writing services. Publishers contend that they increase the value of the publishing procedure through help to the associate survey gathering, including stipends, and through typesetting, printing, and web publishing. Speculation investigators, nonetheless, have been wary of the esteem included by revenue driven publishers, as exemplified by 2005 Deutsche Bank examination which expressed that we trust the distributor enhances the publishing procedure Papers for Academics In academic publishing, a paper is an academic work that is generally published in an academic journal. Such a paper, likewise called an article, might be viewed as substantial if it experiences a procedure of associate survey by at least one arbitrators who watch that the substance of the paper is reasonable for distribution in the journal. Ellison has revealed that in financial matters the sensational increment in chances to distribute comes about online has prompted a decrease in the utilization of associate checked on articles. In academic publishing, a paper is a scholarly work that is usually published in a university journal.

How does the media portray football hooliganism Essays

How does the media portray football hooliganism Essays How does the media portray football hooliganism Essay How does the media portray football hooliganism Essay The publics opinion of this stereotypical image of rampant football fans has been strengthened by the media with the use of news reports, documentaries, and newspaper articles, but is it important how these are presented to the public? Macentyre investigates (a documentary in which John Macentyre explores the lives of football hooligans) and The Daily Stars presentation of Eric Cantonas reaction to racial taunts by a fan are two clear examples of media which have both been carefully orchestrated to strongly influence the opinion of the public, and show that there is more to football than 22 players kicking a ball around a field. The still image of Cantona hurdling a barrier has been deliberately edited to have a forceful impact on the opinion of the reader. Cantonas aggression, determination and skill are displayed to the reader in this photograph due to the fact that the editor has kept the advertising barrier in the shot. It proves that Cantonas adrenaline must have been running high in order for him to jump over such a large barrier and kick somebody in the chest. The display of his athleticism is boosted by the letters on the barrier being large, white letters, making the barrier appear large. The Macentyre visual presentation also displays the skill of the hooligans by including long range CCTV footage of numerous fights that have broken out between fans of rival clubs. On one occasion, a football fan hits a fan from a rival football club with a large iron bar, giving the impression that he is strong and powerful. Power is an aspect that is focused on greatly in the documentary; a fish eye lens that is looking up at the hooligan being interviewed is used. This may have been because the camera needed to be hidden, or it could have been done on purpose to make the hooligans seem more forceful and vigorous. This image is increased with scenes of the hooligans driving in large, fast cars and throughout the programme, and the sound is slightly distorted, making the hooligans voices sound deep and forceful. The editor of the video has later added non-diegetic sounds. The documentary consistently contains daunting music that engages the audience and amplifies the terror that is taking place. There is also a lot of diegetic sound that has been included; when the hooligans are being interviewed in the pub there is a lot of shouting and cheering in the background. When the hooligans are at the football ground, the sounds of a riot taking place can be heard continuously. The photograph of Cantona is a medium shot with the camera at a low level. It may have been like this for a specific reason; the photographer may of only wanted to include the player and the members of the crowd who were looking at Cantona to sharpen the focus on him. But it is also likely that the photographer would not of had time to calculate the shot of this spontaneous act of hooliganism, and so would of hurriedly pointed his/her camera in the direction of the incident and taken the photo. Although the still image is in black and white, this contrast provides enough colour to influence the impression that the photograph creates. The picture is lighter at the bottom and fades into black at the top. The attention of the reader is drawn to the large letters at the bottom of the picture and the large no.7 on Cantonas back, sharpening the focus on Cantona. As admitted by a self confessed hooligan in the Macentyre video, the more experienced hooligans hide at the back of the back of the stands and stay protected, while the newer hooligans are vulnerable at the front. Because the photograph is darker at the top, it appears that the experienced hooligans seem to be hiding under the cover of darkness and getting away with abusing Cantona, while the louder, inexperienced hooligans continually abuse Cantona and draw the attention of the target. The picture contains two types of people, player and fan. The fans differ in age and appearance, but all show facial expressions of shock in different ways. When the picture is quickly looked at, as it would be by most readers of The Daily Star, the reader would notice the members of the crowd who are covering their faces or have their mouths wide open in shock. The photograph contains no officials or stewards, showing that the attack was not anticipated. On the left of the picture, there is a hand that is trying to stop Cantona from carrying out the attack. But this person can do nothing, Cantona is too determined and out of control. Similarly, the Macentyre documentary contains few shots of police officers controlling the hooligans, showing that they too are out of control. Also, the editor has left out images of the supporters wearing football strips, and in the Cantona photograph there is not single fan wearing a football strip either. This makes the fans look like a stereotypical football hooligan and although the fans in the still image may be supporting different teams, they are united by the casual uniform that they are wearing and gives the impression that Cantona is on his own against the terraces. The caption at the bottom of the article forms the bottom 20% of the page, and this is another of the first things that the reader would notice when reading this newspaper. It contains the statement: The Daily Star Says in capital letters, which gives the impression that the Daily Star is expressing their opinion openly. This statement is followed by a variation of the popular saying when the shit hits the fan. It contains an expletive in which three of the letters have been replaced by punctuation marks, but it is still clear to the reader what the word is because the S remains and the i is replaced by an exclamation mark, which is an inverted i. The phrase has been deliberately engineered to have a double meaning; if the question mark is removed, it refers directly to Cantona as a shit. When it is left in, the phrase questions Cantonas actions. The semantic field of war is clearly present throughout the documentary. When arranging the fights, the hooligans refer to their associates as their army and soldiers. Similar to a war, the people in the video are shown equipping themselves with weapons, such as guns and knives. This shows how serious the hooligans are, and the lengths they are prepared to go to when they reach the terraces. The entire video seems to be like a war; it is known where the two sides will meet, both sides are prejudice because of where the other comes from and they are all prepared to kill. The Macentyre documentary and The Daily Stars presentation of the Cantona incident are different types of media, but with careful editing they both give out the same message to the viewing public about football hooliganism.

Research Methods Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Research Methods - Essay Example The different perspectives of each individual researcher scholar vary to a large degree, ranging from those who view the two research strategies as separate processes, to those that are ready to mix the two approaches within their projects. As for example, we find that Bryman (1988) in his paper contended that the best process for completing one’s research work is using best of both the processes, or in other words, a combination of the qualitative and quantitative approaches should be adopted. Hughes (1997) on the other hand warned against such mixed methods, and suggested that quantitative approaches are scientific and hence more objective in nature (413-420). While exploring the subject of quantitative and qualitative researches, this paper is primarily based on epistemological notions presented within the query, `what is research and what are the research techniques?’ Eileen Kane, in the book Doing your own research (1985, gives an interesting perspective to the ent ire debate on the research processes, where she comments, â€Å"research techniques are a bit like fishing flies: you choose the right one for fish you want to catch. No fisherman would use the same kind of fly for twenty different varieties of fish† (51).... her wishes to use in his/her research work depends, as suggested by Kane (1985), on the researcher’s wish, which he must decide as per his requirement and subject. Data Input data output analysis knowledge William M.K. Trochim depicted the methods followed in any research project, in Knowledge based research (fig 1). Fig 1: The Yin and the Yang of Research (Trochim, 1999, 8). The figure represents the framing of the studied material using the Knowledge Base. Left side of figure depicts the research theory, while the right part depicts the research practice, and the theoretical introduction of any research project and the practical aspect on how to formulate the undertaken research project are linked. The left arrows delineate the validity types that must be accounted in any research paper, which is actually concept of providing the reader with a unifying theory for understanding the entire project. The right arrows point to the research practice areas that match the validity t ypes in order to prove the research problem (Trochim, 1999). While conducting a research a researcher may adopt various techniques as per his subject requirements. The various research techniques that one may adopt are conducting interviews, questionnaires, participant observation, and studying written sources (Kane, 1985, 51). Each technique gives a certain form of information and not any other type; however, the techniques can complement each other within one research paper (fig 2). Fig 2: The figure (Kane, 1985, 52) shows the various ‘petal-like’ research techniques that are combined together within a single project. In the figure we find petals representing research techniques, they overlap at the centre, while each overlaps with its neighbour at the sides. The areas that do not overlap